The present work consists of a comparative analysis between the theme of persuasion of the faith according to the Dominican friar Bartolomeu de Las Casas in his work 'The only way to attract all peoples to the true religion' and the work De Procuranda Indorum Salute Jose de Acosta. The text of Las Casas sums up the deep theological vision of the Gospel of Las Casas, evangelization linked to the promotion of justice and solidarity among peoples. In the text De (...) Procuranda Indorum Salute, the important work carried out by the Jesuit Jose de Acosta in his twenty years of service in American lands is highlighted, especially in the evangelization and catechization of the Indians and in their critique of the models of evangelization employed until then. It said that besides not being able to reach the proposed objectives, indoctrination of the Indians also could not end the idolatry present in these peoples. This is the flag that Acosta will raise and that makes him one of the first and great thinkers of the new American lands. (shrink)

The article presents aspects related to the dialogue of theology with the sciences and culture of the people, and also how the reception of theological language by the believer takes place. One can speak not only of the possibility of dialogue between theology and science and culture of the people, but also of the urgent need for such dialogue, especially in the contemporary context, where theology is so often overlooked in the public environment. In view of this change of epoch (...) and the demands of contemporary society, more attention must be paid to the quality of intellectual formation. This is all to a greater qualification and competence of seminarians and priests, future theologians, as a service to God and his people, based on the assumption that there is a sensitive impact of scientific discoveries on the reception of theology by the believer. (shrink)

El v. 526 del primer estásimo de Traquinias ofrece un problema textual hasta el momento no resuelto. La difícil comprensión del μάτηρ transmitido por los manuscritos ha dado lugar a diversas conjeturas. Entre ellas la que ha gozado de mayor aceptación es la de θατήρ de Zielinski, pero también provoca problemas la interpretación que se le ha dado a tenor de la caracterización del coro. El artículo apoya esta conjetura y la pone en relación con una fuente esencial de información (...) de hechos pasados especialmente para las mujeres, la iconografía. In the first stasimon of Trachiniae, l. 526 there is an issue related to textual criticism which has not been solved yet. It is hard to understand the term μάτηρ noted in manuscripts, hence this fact leads to various assumptions. The most relevant was made by Zielinski, noting θατήρ. The interpretation given to Zielinski’s assumption causes several difficulties as it takes into account how the Chorus is depicted in the plot. This paper supports Zielinski’s assumption as it shows how it is related with a relevant source of information about the past events of women such as the iconography. (shrink)

Within the ecological and enactive approaches in cognitive science, a tension exists in how the process of skill learning is understood. Skill learning can be understood in a narrow sense, as a process of bodily change over time, or in an extended sense, as a change in the structure of the animal–environment system. We propose to resolve this tension by rejecting the first understanding in favor of the second. We thus defend an extended approach to skill learning. An extended understanding (...) of skill learning views bodily changes as being embedded in a larger process of interaction between the organism and specific structures in the environment. Such an extended approach is committed to the claims that (1) the appropriate unit of analysis for understanding skill learning is not the body but the activity and (2) learning consists in the establishment and adaptive organization of enabling constraints on that activity. We focus on two example cases: maintaining upright posture and walking. In both cases, environmental structures play a constitutive role in the activity throughout learning, but the specific environmental structures that are involved in the activity change over time. At an early stage, the child makes use of an environmental “support”—for example, holding onto furniture to maintain upright posture. Later, once further constraints have been established, the child is able to let go of the furniture and remain upright. We argue that adopting an extended understanding of skill learning offers a promising strategy for unifying ecological and enactive approaches and can also potentially ground a radically embodied approach to higher cognition. (shrink)

¿Qué pasaría si, en el momento fundacional de la modernidad, el personaje principal no fuera el yo cartesiano, sino ese otro personaje que Descartes llamó genio maligno? Esa es la hipótesis que plantea el presente ensayo: ¿qué ocurriría si en lugar de la agotada certeza del yo, el mundo moderno se hubiera asentado más bien sobre la confusión y sobre la trampa que se condensan en la metáfora del genio maligno? Desde esa hipótesis, la mayor parte de las configuraciones filosóficas (...) de eso que llamamos modernidad aparecen transfiguradas, se convierten en meras repeticiones de aquel fraude básico que ocultan. Pero donde tales configuraciones velan ese gesto al repetirlo, el género de terror y los discursos sobre la angustia y la locura parecen haberlo denunciado como grietas de un edificio sin fondo. Este es el viaje apasionante que se propone en este libro, un viaje en el que autores como Poe, Stevenson o Conrad se atreven a proponernos lecturas de Nietzsche, Heidegger o Deleuze y Foucault, en el que personajes como Frankenstein o el doctor Jekyll nos enseñan aspectos inéditos de la filosofía de los siglos modernos, un viaje en el que la posmodernidad se revela como el penúltimo recurso retórico de un personaje ficticio y casi olvidado. (shrink)

The wide range of semiotic possibility, through networks of motor communications, reveal processes for decision-making with playful meaning. We describe a physical education experience according to a sequence based on five motor games, corresponding to five networks of motor communications, with the purpose of revealing the signs to interpret a fully comprehension of playful communication. A total of 180 high school students were part of this pedagogic experience. Events were obtained through the systematic observation of three game conducts, to be (...) compared through the five games and thus offer indicators of motor complexity regarding decoding. Through the game sequencing studied, three blocks with different networks of motor communications were shown: their exclusivity and stability, their instability, and ambivalence, in addition to signs based on relationships of opposition, reidentification, and relativization. We propose that these signs should be transferred to a significant pedagogy with curricular interest for the physical education class. (shrink)

Se presenta la traducción de un trabajo redactado por W. V. O. Quine para la asignatura sobre Psicología avanzada, impartida por el profesor John Beebe-Center en Harvard. Se trata de un texto inédito que Quine entregó en la primavera de 1931. En este escrito se demuestra un conocimiento exhaustivo del estado de la entonces joven disciplina psicológica, de sus nombres más relevantes y de sus escuelas más sobresalientes en la época. El primer y último apartados contienen elementos de interés historiográfico (...) y filosófico para los expertos e interesados en el pensamiento de Quine. Los apartados segundo y tercero muestran el dominio de la materia desde distintos puntos de vista diferentes, a saber: la óptica, la fisiología ocular, la psicología de la percepción y, por supuesto, la historia de la filosofía que subyace a los planteamientos de las distintas escuelas psicológicas. Se presenta acompañado de una introducción que vincula las ideas que aparecen en este trabajo con cuestiones relevantes en la actualidad para la Filosofía de la Psicología y la Neurociencia computacional en su debate con el Naturalismo. (shrink)

Para se abordar a questão da verdade, no pensamento de Levinas, faz-se necessário procurar antes o seu fundamento que, na ética como filosofia primeira, é a justiça. Em seguida, é preciso fazer o caminho da fenomenologia levinasiana em diálogo com as fenomenologias de Husserl e Heidegger, além de passar pelo modo como Kierkegaard compreende ética. Levinas busca o Sentido dos sentidos, distanciando-se de Husserl para quem o sujeito é a fonte de todo sentido; mas também se distanciando da ontologia de (...) Heidegger que opera uma redução de tudo ao ser, suprimindo a exceção do Outro. Se Kierkegaard descobriu a interioridade como marca indelével da subjetividade que recusa se perder na obra da totalização, ele não consegue escapar de outra violência que não compreende a exterioridade como vindo de fora de todo Sistema, deixando o ético se perder no geral. A relação ética, tal como Levinas a compreende, é, ao contrário, uma relação de único a único. A significação primeira da Verdade é de ordem ética e não se entende senão em relação com a justiça - retidão do face a face - que a ontologia traduzirá tardiamente como verdade que se mostrará no ser. (shrink)

Cognitive scientists and neuroscientists typically understand the brain as a complex communication/information-processing system. A limitation of this framework is that it requires cognitive systems to have prior knowledge about their environment to successfully perform some of their basic functions, such as perceiving. It is unclear how the source of such knowledge can be explained from within this framework. Drawing on Dennett (1981), we refer to this as the loans of intelligence problem. Recent advances in machine learning have resulted in the (...) development of a family of algorithms, including the class known as autoencoders, that seem to provide a way for the information-processing framework to avoid this problem: cognitive systems do not require loans of intelligence, but instead acquire the knowledge necessary for perception through a process of unsupervised learning. This paper argues that although autoencoders do avoid the loans of intelligence problem, how they do so should not be understood from within the information-processing framework. Instead, their success should be interpreted as a proof of concept of how neural networks can attune to Gibsonian information. We thus propose that autoencoders belong to a class of algorithms for modeling the brain that have recently been dubbed direct fit algorithms. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to analyze Lonergan’s criteria of truth, which is the absence of further pertinent questions. This position is compared with that defended by Habermas in his book Truth and Justification, in which he abandoned the consensual theory of truth, in order to adopt a truth called for him “pragmatic”. In both positions there is a distinction between factual judgments which could be made in the common sense realm of meaning, and in scientific propositions in which (...) it is not possible to reach certainty. (shrink)

La posición sistemática de la Metafísica de las costumbres de Kant y en concreto de su segunda parte, la Doctrina de la virtud, es análoga a la del Sistema de la doctrina de las costumbres según los principios de la Doctrina de la Ciencia de Fichte. Sin embargo, en dicha obra, Fichte califica la ética kantiana de “formalista” y pretende que la suya es más concreta y aplicable por su teoría de la conciliación entre el impulso natural y el impulso (...) moral. En este artículo se explica y discute dicha postura de Fichte, mostrando que la crítica a Kant es injusta, dado que precisamente la Doctrina de la virtud ofrece, de un modo metódicamente diverso pero sólido y coherente con la ética de la autonomía, la “ética material” kantiana. (shrink)

El artículo sugiere algunas observaciones sobre una antropología darwinista planteada a partir del conocimiento científico disponible. Al efecto, señala la importancia del estudio del genoma humano como fundamento de una reflexión filosófica de segundo grado sobre la naturaleza del ser humano, subrayando las grandes similitudes entre el Homo sapiens y las especies evolutivamente más próximas. Además, a partir del estudio del ADN mitocondrial y del cromosoma Y, centra la atención en el principio de coalescencia evolutiva entre seres humanos, gracias al (...) cual es posible afirmar que todos ellos son miembros consanguíneos de un mismo linaje. Concluye proponiendo algunas inferencias que muestran analogía entre determinados mythos y el logos científico actual. (shrink)

Si bien hubo grandes pensadores a lo largo de la historia que hicieron referencia al concepto de «terror» (Kant y lo sublime, Hegel y el terror posrevolucionario francés, Heidegger y la significación ontológica del término, o la aproximación del psicoanálisis a lo siniestro), escasean aún los estudios vinculados a esta temática y los pocos que existen carecen de la profundidad adecuada para tratar este fenómeno. La presente edición cuenta con una serie de textos escritos por reconocidos especialistas (Vicente Serrano, (...) Antonio Castilla, Arturo Leyte, Miguel Morey, Mauricio Mancilla Muñoz, Ana Carrasco Conde, Jorge Fernández Gonzalo y Enrique Lynch) que nos permitirán adentrarnos de lleno en el tema del terror y sus principales vinculaciones con la filosofía, el psicoanálisis, la literatura y la sociedad en general. ¿Qué es el terror? ¿Cómo interpretarlo? ¿Cómo se representa en la literatura y el cine? ¿Cuál es, realmente, su función política? La filosofía, el terror y lo siniestro nos da la llave para acceder a estas y a otras cuestiones y abre vías de reflexión que resultan de vital importancia para comprender los resortes que operan detrás de nuestra sociedad contemporánea. (shrink)

La parentalité impose au sujet un travail psychique intense qui s’appuie sur des aspects narcissiques, archaïques, sur l’histoire de la filiation et de la transmission psychique. La parentalité est, avant tout, liée à un processus qui comporte des risques psychiques particuliers face aux événements de vie. Identifier ces enjeux dans la relation parent-enfant et comprendre ce qui est sollicité pour le sujet face à des événements nécessite de remodeler les alliances et de trouver un nouvel équilibre psychique. Dans le cadre (...) d’une recherche clinique, les auteures, impliquées dans un dispositif d’écoute psychanalytique de la parentalité, proposent une discussion quant aux repères cliniques des enjeux qui sous-tendent la relation parent-enfant. Ce questionnement est discuté par deux vignettes cliniques, celle de Maria qui, après son accouchement, expérimente des vécus corporels primitifs projetés sur son bébé et celle de Camila, qui commence son analyse après la tentative de suicide de sa fille. Dans l’ensemble de ces vignettes, on observe une réorganisation de la dynamique psychique et une possibilité de symboliser davantage les modes d’alliance de la dyade parent-enfant. (shrink)

Is the state we experienced meditating a religious, philosophical, mystical experience? Or is it just a change in brain physiology? Is it possible to achieve a state "beyond the mind" (meditative state) through a technique that uses the mind (meditative technique)? This article explores these aspects by the perspective of neurobiology.

Recommending the identity of bidders in public procurement auctions has a significant impact in many areas of public procurement, but it has not yet been studied in depth. A bidders recommender would be a very beneficial tool because a supplier can search appropriate tenders and, vice versa, a public procurement agency can discover automatically unknown companies which are suitable for its tender. This paper develops a pioneering algorithm to recommend potential bidders using a machine learning method, particularly a random forest (...) classifier. The bidders recommender is described theoretically, so it can be implemented or adapted to any particular situation. It has been successfully validated with a case study: an actual Spanish tender dataset which has 102,087 tenders from 2014 to 2020 and a company dataset which has 1,353,213 Spanish companies. Quantitative, graphical, and statistical descriptions of both datasets are presented. The results of the case study were satisfactory: the winning bidding company is within the recommended companies group, from 24% to 38% of the tenders, according to different test conditions and scenarios. (shrink)

We propose the “microbiota‐inflammasome” hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD, a mental illness affecting the way a person feels and thinks, characterized by long‐lasting feelings of sadness). We hypothesize that pathological shifts in gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) caused by stress and gut conditions result in the upregulation of pro‐inflammatory pathways mediated by the Nod‐like receptors family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome (an intracellular platform involved in the activation of inflammatory processes). This upregulation exacerbates depressive symptomatology and further compounds gut (...) dysbiosis. In this review we describe MDD/chronic stress‐induced changes in: 1) NLRP3 inflammasome; 2) gut microbiota; and 3) metabolic pathways; and how inflammasome signaling may affect depressive‐like behavior and gut microbiota composition. The implication is that novel therapeutic strategies could emerge for MDD and co‐morbid conditions. A number of testable predictions surface from this microbiota‐gut‐inflammasome‐brain hypothesis of MDD, using approaches that modulate gut microbiota composition via inflammasome modulation, fecal microbiota transplantation, psychobiotics supplementation, or dietary change. (shrink)

En más de 100 conflictos bélicos que se han producido en los últimos diez años, más del 80 por ciento de las víctimas son civiles. Se ha producido un desarrollo acelerado en las investigaciones concernientes a las consecuencias psico-sociales de la guerra en la población civil, la cual es el blanco principal de las víctimas en la guerra contemporánea. Este trabajo constituye una revisión bibliográfica sobre la guerra como desastre, acerca de los conceptos “modernos” de “guerra total”, desastre y las (...) consecuencias psicológicas de la guerra en la población civil, la utilización de los niños como soldados lo cual acarrea desórdenes mentales marcados y se aborda el problema de la violencia sexual como arma de guerra. Las mujeres, las jóvenes, e incluso niñas, son a menudo sometidas, violadas, secuestradas y forzadas a la esclavitud sexual o cualquier tipo de abuso sexual; son vejadas, humilladas y dañadas en lo más profundo de sus sentimientos psicológicos, y valores morales, lo que también trasciende al grupo social, comunidad, clase social o etnia a la que pertenecen. El deterioro o la destrucción de la infraestructura económica, social y política de las naciones en conflicto impide la atención de las necesidades básicas de la población. El trastorno por estrés postraumático es la entidad nosológica más frecuente en las víctimas de la guerra, pero existen otros trastornos mentales que hay que tener en cuenta In over 100 war conflicts that have occurred in the last 10 years, m ore than 80 percent of the victims were civilians. The scope of recent studies has been increasingly focused on psychological and social effects among civilians who are the target and main victims of contemporary wars. This article is an explanation of why war is considered a disaster, a revision of modern terms for war, disaster and the psychological effects of war on civilians, the training of children as soldiers, and the resulting mental disorders. It touches upon sexual violence problem as a war weapon. Women, adolescents and young children are often violated and forced into sexual slavery or any other type of sexual abuse, causing humiliation and psychological, ethical and moral damage, which can affect social groups, communities, social classes, or races. The deterioration or destruction of the economic, social and political infrastructure of the countries in conflict hinders the satisfaction of the citizens' basic needs. The most common psychological effect among war victims is posttraumatic stress, but there are also other mental disorders which must be taken into consideration. (shrink)

In 1938 Max Horkheimer published an article entitled “Montaigne and the Function of Skepticism” trying to clarify and criticize the role of skepticism at his times, close to World War II. According to Horkheimer there are two essential features of skepticism: radical reactionarism and defense of individuals. Following the German philosopher both were key elements in the rise of bourgeois society in Montaigne´s epoch and, in that sense, his skepticism was progressive. However, at the time of Horkheimer both traits were, (...) as the skeptical position, reactionaries, and the only valid alternative to the danger of authoritarian states would be his own Critical Theory. Our paper aims to question the essential character of both traits and, at the same time, the interpretation of skepticism provided in Horkheimer´s article. (shrink)

Deleuze seeks for his own concept of multiplicity through the issue of multiplicity both in Riemann's physical theory and in Bergson's philosophy. This attempt states for Deleuze's peculiar creation of concepts. In fact, he draws out from riemannian and bergsonian concepts of multiplicity new features for the notions of space and time. Hence, he is able to supply his own concept with an ontological spread.Para que o conceito de multiplicidade se tornasse um elemento central em seu pensamento, Deleuze se lança (...) a uma intensa pesquisa, procurando, tanto na teoria da física de Riemann quanto na filosofia de Bergson, o uso que estes autores fazem da multiplicidade. Justamente nesse esforço, pode-se observar não apenas a aliança que Deleuze estabelece com certos autores, mas o caráter peculiar da criação deleuzeana de conceitos. Com efeito, a renovação das noções de tempo e de espaço nas noções riemanniana e bergsoniana de multiplicidade perfaz a originalidade deste mesmo conceito em sua formulação deleuzeana, pois ele adquire aí um alcance ontológico. (shrink)

ResumenEl artículo presenta una sucinta exposición de las principales aportaciones sobre Filosofía Biológica realizadas por diversos autores al desarrollo del pensamiento evolucionista, durante el período histórico transcurrido entre el medievo y la articulación de la teoría darwinista. En particular, expone las contribuciones de diversa índole realizadas por Andrés Vesalio, Andrew Battell, Jacobo Bondt, Nicolás Tulp, Edward Tyson, John Ray, Benoit de Maillet, Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, Karl von Linneo, Georges Louis Leclerc, Félix de Azara y Jean Baptiste Lamarck.Palabras claveHistoria (...) de la ciencia, historia de la filosofía biológica, evolucionismo predarwinista, orígenes de la primatologíaAbstractThis paper presents a brief exposition of the main contributions about Philosophy of Biology provided by several authors for the development of evolutionist thought, during the historical period elapsed from the Middle Ages to the beginning of Darwinian theory. It particularly presents different kinds of contributions made by Andreas Vesalius, Andrew Battell, Jacob Bondt, Nicolaes Tulp, Edward Tyson, John Ray, Benoit de Maillet, Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, Karl von Linneo, Georges Louis Leclerc, Félix de Azara and Jean Baptiste Lamarck.KeywordsHistory of science, history of philosophy of biology, predarwinian evolutionary theory, origins of primatology. (shrink)

Resumen El presente ensayo se interroga, a partir de una lectura de la novela 2666 de Roberto Bolaño, por la posibilidad del pensamiento filosófico: ¿Es posible el pensamiento filosófico bajo las condiciones actuales de la experiencia? El problema se plantea por el hecho de que dicha experiencia parece implicar la imposibilidad del pensamiento. Lo anterior entrañaría la siguiente paradoja: de hecho, habría un pensamiento imposible, a saber, el de la imposibilidad del pensamiento. Este problema parece ser puesto en escena en (...) 2666, en un episodio en el que dos personajes se confrontan respecto de los asesinatos de mujeres en Santa Teresa. Quisiéramos mostrar que dichos personajes pueden ser concebidos como dos modos del pensamiento, opuestos de manera radical, en tanto que la existencia del uno torna imposible la del otro. Se concluye sobre la derrota del pensamiento filosófico.In this essay, I wonder, from a reading of Roberto Bolaño’s 2666 novel, if philosophical thinking is possible under the current conditions of experience. The problem arises from the fact that such experience seems to imply the impossibility of thinking. The foregoing would entail the following paradox: in fact, there would be an impossible thought, namely that of the impossibility of thought. This problem seems to be staged in 2666, in an episode in which two characters confront each other regarding the murders of women in Santa Teresa. We would like to show that these characters could be conceived as two modes of thought, radically opposed, while the existence of the one makes the other impossible. It concludes about the defeat of philosophical thought. (shrink)

El artículo segmenta un recorrido por la metafísica esencialista y el paradig-ma unívoco del ens que brinda Duns Escoto, auténtica propuesta ontológica del Medievo en detrimento del programa energetista sustentado en la analogia entis. Se hilvanan los momentos estructurales de comunidad esencial o real-metafísica en la entidad, comunidad natural específica, individuación y subsistencia incomunicable, en un régimen bidireccional con quiásmica prerrogativa de comunidad del ens unívoco o de virtualidad del singular. La persona es el evento exuberante en que culmina la (...) actualidad de la naturaleza sustancial individuada de índole espiritual. (shrink)

RESUMEN Michel de Montaigne, el reconocido autor de Los ensayos, ha sido interpretado como un escéptico y, más en concreto, como un defensor del fideísmo escéptico; lectura que tiene su origen principal en la interpretación de B. Pascal. El artículo pretende reexaminar tanto la cuestión del fideísmo como la del escepticismo presente en Los ensayos, para concluir que quizá la interpretación de Pascal, que todavía perdura, se basa en un "desvío" involuntario o intencionado, pero en todo caso creativo y fértil. (...) ABSTRACT Michel de Montaigne, the renowned author of The Essays, has been interpreted as a skeptic, and, more specifically, as a defender of skeptical fideism. This reading has its main origin in B. Pascal's interpretation. The article reexamines the questions of both fideism and skepticism in The Essays, and concludes that Pascal's enduring interpretation might be based on an involuntary or deliberate "deviation", which, in any case, has been creative and fruitful. (shrink)